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TechBranchHub — Electrical Engineering Practical Lab
Transformer एक static electrical device है जो electromagnetic induction के principle पर काम करता है। यह AC electrical energy को एक circuit से दूसरे circuit में transfer करता है और आवश्यकता के अनुसार voltage level को increase या decrease कर सकता है।
⭐ Working Principle:
जब primary winding को AC supply दी जाती है, तो core में alternating magnetic flux उत्पन्न होता है। यह changing magnetic flux secondary winding को link करता है और secondary winding में EMF induce होता है।
⭐ Primary Winding:
Primary winding को AC input supply से जोड़ा जाता है। यह transformer में electrical energy transfer की शुरुआत करती है।
⭐ Magnetic Core:
Core alternating magnetic flux के लिए low-reluctance path प्रदान करता है और primary तथा secondary winding के बीच magnetic coupling में सहायता करता है।
⭐ Secondary Winding:
Changing magnetic flux के कारण secondary winding में voltage induce होता है। इस practical में transformer step-down type है, इसलिए secondary voltage primary voltage से कम है।
⭐ Conservator:
Conservator transformer oil के expansion और contraction के लिए अतिरिक्त space प्रदान करता है।
🌬️ Radiator:
Radiator transformer से उत्पन्न heat को बाहर transfer करने में सहायता करता है।
⭐ Bushings:
Bushings electrical conductors को transformer tank से insulated और सुरक्षित तरीके से connect करने में सहायता करते हैं।
⭐ Oil-Filled Tank:
Transformer के active parts tank के अंदर होते हैं। Transformer oil insulation और cooling में सहायता करता है।
⭐ Oil Gauge:
Oil gauge transformer के oil level को observe और monitor करने में सहायता करता है।
A transformer is a static electrical device that works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It transfers AC electrical energy from one circuit to another and can increase or decrease the voltage level.
⭐ Working Principle:
When AC supply is applied to the primary winding, alternating magnetic flux is produced in the core. This changing magnetic flux links with the secondary winding and induces EMF in it.
⭐ Primary Winding:
The primary winding is connected to the AC input supply. It starts the transfer of electrical energy through the magnetic field.
⭐ Magnetic Core:
The magnetic core provides a low-reluctance path for alternating magnetic flux and helps provide magnetic coupling between the two windings.
⭐ Secondary Winding:
Changing magnetic flux induces voltage in the secondary winding. In this practical the transformer is shown as a step-down transformer, so its secondary voltage is lower than the primary voltage.
⭐ Conservator:
The conservator provides additional space for expansion and contraction of transformer oil.
🌬️ Radiator:
Radiators help transfer heat away from the transformer.
⭐ Bushings:
Bushings provide insulated and safe paths for electrical conductors passing through the transformer tank.
⭐ Oil-Filled Tank:
The active transformer parts are housed inside the tank. Transformer oil assists with insulation and cooling.
⭐ Oil Gauge:
The oil gauge helps observe and monitor the transformer oil level.
🇮🇳 Electromagnetic Field — हिंदी
Electromagnetic Field क्या है?
जब electric current किसी conductor या coil में flow करता है,
तो उसके आसपास magnetic field उत्पन्न होता है।
Magnetic Field की दिशा:
Magnet के बाहर magnetic field की conventional direction
North (N) से South (S) होती है।
इस model में blue animated lines इसी field को represent करती हैं।
North और South Pole:
लाल भाग North (N) और नीला भाग
South (S) को दर्शाता है।
Magnet के बाहर field lines N से निकलकर S की ओर जाती हैं।
Practical Observation:
Current ON होने पर magnetic field lines और arrows
animate होते हैं। Current OFF करने पर field animation
रुक जाती है।
360° View:
Mobile पर एक finger से horizontal drag करें।
Computer पर mouse से drag करके model को अलग-अलग
directions से देखा जा सकता है।
🇬🇧 Electromagnetic Field — English
What is an Electromagnetic Field?
When electric current flows through a conductor or coil,
a magnetic field is produced around it.
Magnetic Field Direction:
The conventional direction of the magnetic field outside
a magnet is from North (N) to South (S).
The blue animated lines represent this field.
North and South Pole:
The red side represents the North (N) pole and
the blue side represents the South (S) pole.
Outside the magnet, field lines emerge from N and curve toward S.
Practical Observation:
When current is ON, the magnetic-field lines and arrows
are animated. When current is OFF, the field animation stops.
360° View:
Drag horizontally with one finger on mobile or with the
mouse on desktop to inspect the model from different directions.
3-Phase Induction Motor — हिंदी
3-Phase Induction Motor क्या है?
यह एक AC motor है जिसमें 3-phase supply stator winding को दी जाती है।
तीनों phase currents के कारण stator में Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF)
उत्पन्न होता है और rotor में electromagnetic induction के कारण
torque पैदा होता है।
⭐ IMPORTANT — Stator:
Stator motor का stationary part है। इसमें 3-phase winding होती है।
Supply देने पर यही rotating magnetic field उत्पन्न करता है।
⭐ IMPORTANT — Rotor:
Rotor motor का rotating part है। Squirrel-cage rotor में conducting
bars short-circuited होते हैं। Rotating magnetic field के कारण
इनमें current induce होता है।
⭐ Rotating Magnetic Field:
3-phase currents stator में एक rotating magnetic field बनाते हैं।
यह field rotor conductors को cut करती है और rotor में EMF तथा
current induce करती है।
⭐ Induction Principle:
Rotor को सामान्यतः direct electrical supply नहीं दी जाती।
Stator के rotating magnetic field के कारण rotor में EMF और current
induce होता है।
⭐ Slip:
Rotor की speed synchronous speed से थोड़ी कम रहती है।
इन दोनों speeds के difference को slip कहा जाता है।
Practical Observation:
Motor ON होने पर rotating magnetic field, rotor और cooling fan
की animation दिखाई देती है। Motor OFF करने पर animation रुक जाती है।
360° View:
Mobile पर एक finger से horizontal drag करें। Computer पर mouse
से drag करके motor को अलग-अलग directions से देखें।
3-Phase Induction Motor — English
What is a 3-Phase Induction Motor?
It is an AC motor supplied by a three-phase source. The three-phase
currents in the stator produce a rotating magnetic field, which
induces current in the rotor and produces torque.
⭐ IMPORTANT — Stator:
The stator is the stationary part of the motor. It contains the
three-phase winding that produces the rotating magnetic field.
⭐ IMPORTANT — Rotor:
The rotor is the rotating part. In a squirrel-cage rotor, conducting
bars are short-circuited. Current is induced in them by the rotating
magnetic field.
⭐ Rotating Magnetic Field:
The three-phase stator currents create a rotating magnetic field.
This field interacts with the rotor conductors and induces EMF
and current.
⭐ Induction Principle:
The rotor normally does not receive electrical power through a
direct external connection. EMF and current are induced because
of the rotating magnetic field.
⭐ Slip:
The rotor runs slightly below synchronous speed. The difference
between synchronous speed and rotor speed is called slip.
Practical Observation:
When the motor is ON, the rotating magnetic field, rotor and cooling
fan animations are visible. When OFF, the animations stop.
360° View:
Drag horizontally with one finger on mobile or with the mouse
on desktop to inspect the motor from different directions.
AC Generator / Alternator — हिंदी
AC Generator क्या है?
AC Generator mechanical energy को electrical energy में बदलता है
और output के रूप में alternating current (AC) उत्पन्न करता है।
⭐ IMPORTANT — Stator:
Stator generator का stationary part है। Alternator में सामान्यतः
AC output winding stator पर होती है।
⭐ IMPORTANT — Rotor:
Rotor rotating part है। इसमें magnetic field स्थापित किया जाता है।
Rotor के घूमने पर magnetic flux stator winding के साथ बदलता है।
⭐ Faraday's Law:
जब किसी coil से linked magnetic flux समय के साथ बदलता है,
तो coil में EMF induce होता है। यही electromagnetic induction
generator का मुख्य principle है।
⭐ N और S Poles:
Rotor के magnetic poles N और S होते हैं। Rotor के घूमने से
stator winding के through magnetic flux लगातार बदलता रहता है।
⭐ Slip Rings और Brushes:
यह arrangement rotating part और external circuit के बीच
electrical connection प्रदान कर सकता है। Alternator के design
के अनुसार excitation arrangement अलग हो सकता है।
⭐ AC Output:
Induced EMF की direction समय के साथ बदलती है, इसलिए generator
से alternating voltage/current प्राप्त होता है।
Practical Observation:
Generator ON करने पर rotor और magnetic-field animation चलती है।
OFF करने पर animation रुक जाती है।
360° View:
Mobile पर एक finger से horizontal drag करें और desktop पर mouse
drag करके generator को अलग-अलग directions से देखें।
AC Generator / Alternator — English
What is an AC Generator?
An AC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
and produces alternating electrical output.
⭐ IMPORTANT — Stator:
The stator is the stationary part of the generator. In an alternator,
the AC output winding is generally placed on the stator.
⭐ IMPORTANT — Rotor:
The rotor is the rotating part. A magnetic field is established
on the rotor and its rotation causes changing magnetic flux in
the stator winding.
⭐ Faraday's Law:
When magnetic flux linked with a coil changes with time,
an EMF is induced in the coil. This is the basic principle
of electromagnetic induction.
⭐ N and S Poles:
The rotor has magnetic N and S poles. As the rotor rotates,
the magnetic flux linked with the stator winding continuously changes.
⭐ Slip Rings and Brushes:
This arrangement can provide an electrical connection between
a rotating part and the external circuit. The exact arrangement
depends on the alternator design and excitation system.
⭐ AC Output:
The direction of induced EMF changes periodically, producing
alternating electrical output.
Practical Observation:
When the generator is ON, the rotor and magnetic-field animations
are active. When OFF, the animations stop.
360° View:
Drag horizontally with one finger on mobile or use the mouse
on desktop to inspect the generator from different directions.
RLC Series Circuit — हिंदी में विस्तृत Explanation
1. RLC Series Circuit क्या है?
RLC Series Circuit एक AC electrical circuit है जिसमें
Resistance (R), Inductance (L) और Capacitance (C) को
series में जोड़ा जाता है। इसलिए तीनों components से होकर
एक ही current flow करता है।
⭐ 2. Resistance (R)
Resistor electrical current को oppose करता है और electrical
energy को मुख्य रूप से heat के रूप में dissipate करता है।
Resistance की unit Ohm (Ω) है।
⭐ 3. Inductance (L)
Inductor magnetic field में energy store करता है।
AC frequency बढ़ने पर इसका opposition बढ़ता है।
इसे Inductive Reactance कहते हैं।
XL = 2πfL
⭐ 4. Capacitance (C)
Capacitor electric field में energy store करता है।
इसका AC के प्रति opposition Capacitive Reactance कहलाता है।
XC = 1 / (2πfC)
5. Current Flow
AC source ON होने पर alternating voltage circuit में current
पैदा करता है। White moving points complete circuit path में
current flow को visually दिखाते हैं।
⭐ 6. Impedance (Z)
RLC circuit का total AC opposition Impedance कहलाता है।
Z = √[R² + (XL − XC)²]
Impedance की unit Ohm (Ω) है।
⭐ 7. Circuit Current
Ohm's Law के अनुसार:
I = V / Z
जहाँ V supply voltage, Z impedance और I circuit current है।
⭐ 8. Resonance
जब inductive reactance XL और capacitive reactance XC
लगभग बराबर हो जाते हैं, तब series RLC circuit resonance
condition में होता है।
XL = XC
⭐ 9. Resonant Frequency
जिस frequency पर resonance होता है उसे Resonant Frequency कहते हैं।
fr = 1 / (2π√LC)
10. Frequency का Effect
Frequency बदलने पर XL और XC दोनों बदलते हैं।
इसलिए impedance, current और phase angle भी बदल सकते हैं।
⭐ 11. Practical कैसे करें?
R, L, C, voltage और frequency की values input boxes में डालें
और Calculate Practical दबाएँ। XL, XC, Z, Current,
Resonant Frequency और Phase Angle calculate हो जाएंगे।
12. Result कैसे समझें?
XL > XC होने पर circuit Inductive होता है।
XC > XL होने पर Capacitive होता है।
XL ≈ XC होने पर Resonance condition होती है।
⭐ Important Points:
• R current को oppose करता है।
• L magnetic field में energy store करता है।
• C electric field में energy store करता है।
• XL frequency के साथ बढ़ता है।
• XC frequency बढ़ने पर घटता है।
• Resonance पर XL ≈ XC होता है।
• Series circuit में same current सभी components से flow करता है।
Practical Note:
यह students को RLC circuit की working, calculation और resonance
समझाने के लिए educational visualization है। यह real laboratory
instrument का exact physical replacement नहीं है।
RLC Series Circuit — Detailed Explanation
1. What is an RLC Series Circuit?
An RLC Series Circuit is an AC electrical circuit in which
Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance are connected in series.
The same current flows through all three components.
⭐ 2. Resistance (R)
A resistor opposes electrical current and mainly dissipates
electrical energy as heat. Its unit is Ohm (Ω).
⭐ 3. Inductance (L)
An inductor stores energy in a magnetic field.
Its opposition to AC increases with frequency.
This is called Inductive Reactance.
XL = 2πfL
⭐ 4. Capacitance (C)
A capacitor stores energy in an electric field.
Its opposition to AC is called Capacitive Reactance.
XC = 1 / (2πfC)
5. Current Flow
When the AC source is ON, current flows through the complete
series circuit. The white moving points visually represent
the current flow.
⭐ 6. Impedance (Z)
The total opposition offered by an RLC circuit to AC is called
Impedance.
Z = √[R² + (XL − XC)²]
⭐ 7. Circuit Current
Using Ohm's Law:
I = V / Z
⭐ 8. Resonance
When XL becomes approximately equal to XC,
the series RLC circuit reaches resonance.
XL = XC
⭐ 9. Resonant Frequency
The frequency at which resonance occurs is called Resonant Frequency.
fr = 1 / (2π√LC)
10. Effect of Frequency
Changing frequency changes XL and XC.
Therefore impedance, current and phase angle can also change.
⭐ 11. How to perform the practical?
Enter R, L, C, voltage and frequency values and press
Calculate Practical. The system calculates XL, XC,
Z, Current, Resonant Frequency and Phase Angle.
12. Understanding the Result
If XL > XC, the circuit is Inductive.
If XC > XL, it is Capacitive.
When XL ≈ XC, the circuit is in Resonance.
⭐ Important Points:
• R opposes current flow.
• L stores energy in a magnetic field.
• C stores energy in an electric field.
• XL increases with frequency.
• XC decreases as frequency increases.
• At resonance XL ≈ XC.
• The same current flows through all series components.
Practical Note:
This is an educational visualization designed to help students
understand RLC circuit operation, calculations and resonance.
It is not an exact physical replacement for a real laboratory instrument.
Electronics Practical lab
Electronics Engineering Practical Lab
Practical 01 — PN Junction Diode: Forward & Reverse Bias
English Explanation
A PN Junction Diode mainly allows current to flow in one direction. In Forward Bias, significant conduction is represented after about 0.7 V for a typical silicon diode.
हिंदी में व्याख्या
PN Junction Diode मुख्य रूप से current को एक दिशा में flow करने देता है। Forward Bias में लगभग 0.7 V के बाद इस educational model में conduction दिखाई जाती है।
Reverse Bias
Reverse Bias में diode opposite polarity में होता है और सामान्य स्थिति में बहुत छोटा leakage current होता है।
Zener Diode — V-I Characteristics
Practical 02 — Forward & Reverse Characteristics
English Explanation
A Zener diode is a special diode designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region. In forward bias, it behaves approximately like a normal silicon diode. In reverse bias, the current remains very small until the applied voltage approaches the Zener breakdown voltage.
हिंदी में व्याख्या
Zener diode एक special diode है जिसे reverse breakdown region में काम करने के लिए design किया जाता है। Forward Bias में यह सामान्य silicon diode की तरह behave करता है। Reverse Bias में breakdown voltage के पास पहुँचने तक current बहुत कम रहता है।
Zener Breakdown
इस practical में लगभग 5.1 V को educational Zener voltage माना गया है। जब reverse voltage इस value के आसपास पहुँचता है, model में Zener conduction दिखाया जाता है।
Half Wave Rectifier
Practical 03 — AC to DC Rectification
English Explanation
A Half Wave Rectifier converts AC into pulsating DC using a single diode. During the positive half-cycle, the diode is forward biased and current flows through the load. During the negative half-cycle, the diode is reverse biased and blocks current.
हिंदी में व्याख्या
Half Wave Rectifier एक single diode की सहायता से AC को pulsating DC में बदलता है। Positive half-cycle में diode forward biased होकर load में current flow करता है। Negative half-cycle में diode reverse biased होकर current को रोक देता है।
Calculation
Peak Voltage = √2 × VRMS
Average DC Output ≈ (Vm − 0.7) / π
यहाँ 0.7 V silicon diode का approximate forward voltage drop है।
Full Wave Rectifier
Practical 04 — AC to DC Rectification
English Explanation
A Full Wave Rectifier converts both positive and negative half-cycles of AC into pulsating DC. In a bridge rectifier, two diodes conduct during each half-cycle and current flows through the load in the same direction.
Therefore, the output frequency of a full-wave rectifier is twice the input frequency.
हिंदी में व्याख्या
Full Wave Rectifier AC के दोनों half-cycles को pulsating DC में बदलता है। Bridge rectifier में हर half-cycle के दौरान दो diodes conduct करते हैं और load में current एक ही direction में flow करता है।
इसलिए Full Wave Rectifier की output frequency input frequency की दो गुनी होती है।
Calculation
Peak Voltage = √2 × VRMS
Average DC Output ≈ 2(Vm − 1.4) / π
यहाँ 1.4 V bridge rectifier के दो silicon diode drops का approximate value है।
The bridge rectifier converts AC into pulsating DC. The capacitor charges near the peak voltage and discharges through the load when the voltage falls. This reduces ripple and produces smoother DC output.
Capacitor filter का उपयोग rectifier के pulsating DC output में ripple को कम करने के लिए किया जाता है.
Full-wave bridge rectifier AC को pulsating DC में बदलता है। Capacitor और load resistor DC output के across parallel में connected होते हैं.
Voltage peak के पास capacitor charge होता है। जब rectified voltage कम होता है, capacitor stored energy load को देता है। इससे output voltage अधिक smooth हो जाता है.
Vr(pp) ≈ IL / (2fC)
Capacitance बढ़ाने पर सामान्यतः ripple कम होता है.
Conclusion: Capacitor filter rectifier output को smoother DC बनाने और ripple कम करने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है.
Welcome to TechBranchHub
Computer Science Engineering
Interactive Simulation Library • Learn & Visualize
💻 CPU Instruction Cycle
Interactive 2D simulation of how a CPU processes an instruction.
INSTRUCTION
CURRENT STAGE
CPU CYCLE
The CPU gets the next instruction from memory and places it into the instruction register.
Why? The CPU must first obtain the instruction before it can understand or execute it.
🖥️ Process Scheduling Simulator
Learn how an operating system schedules processes on the CPU.
Live CPU Gantt Chart
| Process | Arrival | Burst | Waiting | Turnaround |
|---|
AVERAGE WAITING TIME
AVERAGE TURNAROUND TIME
CPU UTILIZATION
Process Scheduling — Explanation
What is Process Scheduling?Process scheduling is an operating-system function that selects a process from the ready queue and gives it CPU time for execution.
1. FCFS — First Come First Serve
FCFS schedules processes according to their arrival order. The process that arrives first is normally executed first. FCFS is a non-preemptive scheduling method: once a process gets the CPU, it continues until its CPU burst finishes.
2. SJF — Shortest Job First
SJF selects the available process with the shortest CPU burst. In this simulator, SJF is non-preemptive. After a process starts executing, it continues until completion.
3. Round Robin
Round Robin gives each ready process a fixed time slice called a time quantum. This simulator uses a time quantum of 2 time units. If a process is not finished when its quantum expires, it goes back to the ready queue.
Waiting Time
Waiting Time = Turnaround Time − Burst Time
Turnaround Time
Turnaround Time = Completion Time − Arrival Time
CPU Utilization
CPU Utilization shows the percentage of elapsed simulation time during which the CPU was executing a process.
Important Learning Point
Different scheduling algorithms can produce different execution orders and different waiting/turnaround times. The simulator lets students observe these differences directly instead of only reading the formulas.
🧠 Memory & Page Replacement Simulator
Understand how an operating system manages limited memory frames.
Physical Memory — 3 Frames
Reference String
PAGE FAULTS
PAGE HITS
HIT RATIO
FAULT RATIO
| Step | Page | Frame 1 | Frame 2 | Frame 3 | Result |
|---|
Memory Management & Page Replacement — Explanation
What is a Page?A page is a fixed-size block of a process's virtual address space. The operating system can keep required pages in physical memory (RAM) frames.
What is a Page Fault?
A page fault occurs when a process references a page that is not currently present in the required physical memory frames. The operating system must then bring that page into memory.
FIFO — First In First Out
FIFO replaces the page that has been in memory for the longest time. It does not consider how recently or frequently a page was used.
LRU — Least Recently Used
LRU replaces the page that has not been used for the longest time. It uses the recent-use history of pages.
Optimal Page Replacement
Optimal replaces the page whose next use is farthest in the future. If a page will never be used again in the remaining reference string, that page can be selected for replacement.
Important limitation of Optimal
The exact future reference sequence is not known to a real operating system. Therefore, Optimal is mainly used as a theoretical benchmark for comparing page-replacement algorithms.
Page Hit
A page hit occurs when the requested page is already present in a memory frame.
Hit Ratio
Hit Ratio = Number of Page Hits ÷ Total Page References × 100
Page-Fault Ratio
Page-Fault Ratio = Number of Page Faults ÷ Total Page References × 100
What students should observe
The same reference string can produce different numbers of page faults depending on the replacement algorithm. This is why page replacement is an important part of operating-system memory management.
🌐 Network Packet Flow Simulator
See how data packets travel from a computer through a router to a server.
PACKETS
DELIVERED
LOST
LATENCY
STATUS
Network Packet Flow — Explanation
What is a Network Packet?When data is sent over a computer network, it is divided into smaller units called packets. These packets carry information from a source toward a destination.
What does the Computer do?
The source computer creates and sends data toward the destination. In a real network, the data is handled by networking protocols and divided into packets as required.
What does a Router do?
A router examines information in a packet's network-layer header, such as the destination IP address, and uses its routing information to determine where to forward the packet.
What does the Server do?
The server is the destination shown in this simplified simulation. When packets reach the destination, they can be processed by the appropriate network application or service.
What is Latency?
Latency is the time taken for data to travel between endpoints. Real network latency can be affected by propagation, transmission, processing and queuing delays. This simulation uses a simplified delay value for learning.
What is Packet Loss?
Packet loss means that a packet does not successfully reach the destination. Real packet loss can have many causes, including congestion, link problems or equipment issues. The percentage in this simulator is only a learning simulation.
Important:
This is a simplified educational model. A real Internet connection normally contains multiple network devices and links, and packets may follow different routes.
🌐 DNS Lookup Flow Simulator
See how a domain name is resolved into an IP address.
LOOKUPS
CACHE
STEP
STATUS
DNS Lookup — Explanation
What is DNS?DNS stands for Domain Name System. It translates human-readable domain names such as example.com into IP addresses used to locate network destinations.
1. Browser / Client
The client needs the IP address associated with the requested domain.
2. DNS Resolver
A recursive DNS resolver performs the lookup on behalf of the client. If a valid cached answer is available, the resolver can return it without performing the complete hierarchy lookup.
3. Root DNS
The root DNS system directs the resolver toward the appropriate top-level domain infrastructure.
4. TLD DNS
For example.com, the .com TLD DNS infrastructure helps the resolver locate the authoritative name servers for the domain.
5. Authoritative DNS
The authoritative DNS server holds the DNS records for the domain and can return the requested record, such as an A record.
6. DNS Response
The resolver returns the DNS answer to the client, which can then use the returned IP address for the next network operation.
DNS Cache
DNS responses may be cached according to their TTL (Time To Live). A valid cached answer can reduce the need for another full lookup.
Important:
This is a simplified educational model. Real DNS resolution can involve local caches, multiple resolver layers, CNAME records, AAAA records, DNSSEC and other mechanisms.
🚌 Bus Topology Simulator
Understand how devices communicate through a shared backbone.
TRANSMISSIONS
DELIVERED
OBSERVING
LAST ROUTE
STATUS
Bus Topology — Explanation
What is Bus Topology?Bus topology connects multiple devices to a shared communication medium called the backbone. Each device has a connection to this common medium.
How does communication work?
When the sender transmits a frame, the signal is placed on the shared bus. The transmission is therefore available to devices connected to that shared medium.
Why are other computers highlighted?
Because this is a shared-medium model, other connected computers can observe the transmission. They do not become the intended receiver unless the frame is addressed to them.
What does the yellow computer mean?
The yellow computer is the selected destination. It is the device for which the packet is intended.
What do the terminators do?
Traditional bus networks use terminators at both ends of the backbone to reduce signal reflections that could interfere with communication.
Advantages
A bus arrangement can require less cable than some other network layouts and has a simple physical structure.
Limitations
The backbone is shared by multiple devices. A fault in the main backbone can affect communication for many connected devices.
Important:
This is a simplified educational simulation. It demonstrates the shared-medium concept and does not model electrical signal propagation, real Ethernet timing, encoding or collision-detection details.
⭐ Star Topology Simulator
Computers connected through a central switch
TRANSMISSIONS
DELIVERED
SWITCH HOPS
LAST ROUTE
STATUS
⭐ How Star Topology Works
In a Star Topology, every computer has a separate connection to a central networking device, usually a switch.
For example, when Computer 3 sends data to Computer 2, the packet follows:
Computer 3 → Switch → Computer 2
The switch receives the frame and forwards it through the port connected to the destination computer.
Advantages:
• Easy to add or remove computers
• One cable failure normally affects only one computer
• Easy network management
• Good performance with a switch
Limitation:
Failure of the central switch can disrupt communication
between the connected computers.
Student Tip: Star = Central Switch + Individual Connections
⭕ Ring Topology Simulator
Computers connected in a circular network path
TRANSMISSIONS
DELIVERED
HOPS
LAST ROUTE
STATUS
⭕ How Ring Topology Works
In a Ring Topology, each computer is connected to two neighboring computers, forming a closed circular path.
For example, if Computer 6 sends data to Computer 2 in clockwise direction, the packet travels through the intermediate computers.
Computer 6 → Computer 1 → Computer 2
The simulation allows you to change the direction. In a basic unidirectional ring, data follows one chosen direction around the ring. Real-world ring networks can also use bidirectional or dual-ring designs.
Advantages:
• Predictable data path
• Each node connects to two neighboring nodes
• Orderly transmission can be implemented
Limitations:
• A break in a basic single ring can disrupt communication
around the ring
• Adding or removing a node can affect the ring path
Student Tip: Ring = Closed Loop + Neighbor-to-Neighbor Transmission
🖧 Mesh Topology Simulation
Every computer is directly connected to every other computer.
TRANSMISSIONS
DELIVERED
HOPS
DIRECT LINKS
LAST ROUTE
📘 Mesh Topology — How It Works
Mesh topology is a network structure in which computers have direct connections with other computers. In a Full Mesh, every computer is directly connected to every other computer.
Here we have 6 computers. Each computer has a direct link to the other 5 computers.
The total number of links is calculated as:
n(n−1)/2
For 6 computers:
6 × 5 / 2 = 15 direct links.
Observe the simulation:
Select a sender and receiver.
When you press Send, the packet travels directly
from the sender to the receiver.
The selected connection becomes highlighted.
Because the sender and receiver have a direct connection, the packet requires only 1 hop in this simplified full-mesh model.
Why is Mesh reliable?
There are many independent connections between nodes.
If one link fails, another route may be available in a
real mesh network, depending on its routing system.
Advantages:
• High reliability
• High fault tolerance
• Direct communication paths
• No single central device is required
Limitations:
• Many cables are required
• Installation cost is high
• Maintenance becomes more complex
• Large networks can become difficult to manage
Student Note: The 15 links shown here represent a Full Mesh. Real-world networks can also use Partial Mesh, where only selected devices have multiple direct connections.
🌐 Network Topology Lab
Select a topology below to explore how data travels through the network.
TOPOLOGY
TRANSMISSIONS
DELIVERED
HOPS
ROUTE
📘 Tree Topology — How It Works
Tree topology is a hierarchical network structure. It looks similar to a tree: one root device is connected to branch devices, and those branches connect to end computers.
In this simulation, the ROOT connects to two switches. Each switch then connects to computers. This creates different levels in the network.
When data moves between computers, it normally travels through their common parent/branch devices. For example: PC-1 → SWITCH-1 → ROOT → SWITCH-2 → PC-4.
Advantages:
• Easy hierarchical management
• Suitable for large structured networks
• Fault isolation can be easier by branches
Limitations:
• Failure of an important upper-level device can affect its branch
• More cabling than simple bus networks
• Root-level devices require careful management
Hybrid topology combines two or more different topology structures into one network.
Here we are using a common educational example: Star + Backbone. There are two star groups connected through a central backbone.
Each group has a switch connected to several computers. The two switches are then connected through the backbone.
For example, data from PC-1 to PC-5 can travel: PC-1 → SWITCH-1 → BACKBONE → SWITCH-2 → PC-5.
Advantages:
• Flexible network design
• Different topology types can be combined
• Suitable for larger structured networks
• Faults can sometimes be isolated to one section
Limitations:
• More complex design
• Higher installation cost
• Troubleshooting can be more complicated
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