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⚡ Electrical Machines-I
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Unit 1 Test
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⚡ 3D Electromagnetic Field
Current Carrying Conductor & Magnetic Field
🔴 Current Conductor
🔵 Magnetic Field
↑
↑
↑
↑
↔ Drag left/right to rotate • Use Zoom buttons
Current
10 A
Distance
0.10 m
Magnetic Field
20.00 µT
📚 Electromagnetic Field Working
1. Current Flow
Jab conductor mein current flow karta hai, to conductor ke around magnetic field generate hota hai.
Jab conductor mein current flow karta hai, to conductor ke around magnetic field generate hota hai.
2. Circular Magnetic Field
Straight current-carrying conductor ke around magnetic field circular lines ke form mein hota hai.
Straight current-carrying conductor ke around magnetic field circular lines ke form mein hota hai.
3. Right Hand Thumb Rule
Right hand ka thumb current ki direction batata hai aur fingers magnetic field ki direction batati hain.
Right hand ka thumb current ki direction batata hai aur fingers magnetic field ki direction batati hain.
4. Formula
B = μ₀I / 2πr
μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m
B = μ₀I / 2πr
μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m
5. Current Increase
Current badhne par magnetic field strength badhti hai.
Current badhne par magnetic field strength badhti hai.
6. Distance Increase
Conductor se distance badhne par magnetic field strength kam hoti hai.
Conductor se distance badhne par magnetic field strength kam hoti hai.
7. Applications
Motors, generators, transformers, relays aur inductors mein electromagnetic field ka concept important hai.
Motors, generators, transformers, relays aur inductors mein electromagnetic field ka concept important hai.
⚡ 3D Transformer – Electromagnetic Induction
Mutual Induction & Voltage Transformation
🔴 Primary Coil
🔵 Secondary Coil
🟡 Changing Magnetic Flux
↔ Drag left/right to rotate • Zoom buttons se 3D view control karein
V₁
230 V
N₁
100
N₂
200
V₂
460 V
📚 Transformer Electromagnetic Induction
1. Primary Side
AC voltage primary winding mein apply kiya jata hai. AC current ki wajah se changing magnetic flux produce hota hai.
AC voltage primary winding mein apply kiya jata hai. AC current ki wajah se changing magnetic flux produce hota hai.
2. Iron Core
Iron core magnetic flux ko primary winding se secondary winding tak efficiently transfer karta hai.
Iron core magnetic flux ko primary winding se secondary winding tak efficiently transfer karta hai.
3. Changing Magnetic Flux
Primary AC current continuously change hota hai, isliye core mein magnetic flux bhi continuously change hota hai.
Primary AC current continuously change hota hai, isliye core mein magnetic flux bhi continuously change hota hai.
4. Electromagnetic Induction
Changing magnetic flux secondary coil ko link karta hai. Faraday's law ke according secondary winding mein EMF induce hota hai.
Changing magnetic flux secondary coil ko link karta hai. Faraday's law ke according secondary winding mein EMF induce hota hai.
5. Transformer Formula
V₂ / V₁ = N₂ / N₁
Therefore:
V₂ = V₁ × N₂ / N₁
V₂ / V₁ = N₂ / N₁
Therefore:
V₂ = V₁ × N₂ / N₁
6. Step-Up Transformer
Agar N₂ > N₁ ho to secondary voltage primary voltage se greater hota hai.
Agar N₂ > N₁ ho to secondary voltage primary voltage se greater hota hai.
7. Step-Down Transformer
Agar N₂ < N₁ ho to secondary voltage primary voltage se lower hota hai.
Agar N₂ < N₁ ho to secondary voltage primary voltage se lower hota hai.
8. Important Point
Transformer normally AC ke saath operate karta hai, kyunki induction ke liye changing magnetic flux required hota hai.
Transformer normally AC ke saath operate karta hai, kyunki induction ke liye changing magnetic flux required hota hai.
⚡ 3-Phase Induction Motor
Rotating Magnetic Field & Rotor Motion
🔴🟡🔵 Three-Phase Stator
🔄 Rotating Magnetic Field
🟡 Rotor
➜
↔ Drag left/right to rotate • Use Zoom buttons
Frequency
50 Hz
Poles
4
Synchronous Speed
1500 RPM
Rotor Speed
1440 RPM
📚 Three-Phase Induction Motor Working
1. Three-Phase Supply
A three-phase AC supply is applied to the stator windings. The three currents are separated by 120° electrical.
A three-phase AC supply is applied to the stator windings. The three currents are separated by 120° electrical.
2. Rotating Magnetic Field
The three-phase currents produce a rotating magnetic field inside the air gap of the motor.
The three-phase currents produce a rotating magnetic field inside the air gap of the motor.
3. Synchronous Speed
The speed of the rotating magnetic field is called synchronous speed.
Ns = 120f / P
where f is supply frequency and P is the number of poles.
The speed of the rotating magnetic field is called synchronous speed.
Ns = 120f / P
where f is supply frequency and P is the number of poles.
4. Rotor Induction
The rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor conductors. This induces an EMF and current in the rotor.
The rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor conductors. This induces an EMF and current in the rotor.
5. Electromagnetic Torque
The interaction between the rotating magnetic field and rotor current produces electromagnetic torque. The rotor starts rotating in the direction of the rotating field.
The interaction between the rotating magnetic field and rotor current produces electromagnetic torque. The rotor starts rotating in the direction of the rotating field.
6. Slip
The rotor cannot normally reach synchronous speed. The difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed is represented by slip.
s = (Ns - Nr) / Ns × 100
The rotor cannot normally reach synchronous speed. The difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed is represented by slip.
s = (Ns - Nr) / Ns × 100
7. Rotor Speed
In this educational simulation, rotor speed is represented using a small slip relative to synchronous speed.
Nr = Ns × (1 - s)
In this educational simulation, rotor speed is represented using a small slip relative to synchronous speed.
Nr = Ns × (1 - s)
8. Important Point
If the supply frequency increases, synchronous speed increases. If the number of poles increases, synchronous speed decreases.
If the supply frequency increases, synchronous speed increases. If the number of poles increases, synchronous speed decreases.
9. Applications
Three-phase induction motors are widely used in pumps, fans, compressors, conveyors, machine tools and industrial drives.
Three-phase induction motors are widely used in pumps, fans, compressors, conveyors, machine tools and industrial drives.
⚡ 3D AC Generator / Alternator
Electromagnetic Induction & AC Voltage Generation
🔴 N • 🧲 Magnetic Field • 🔵 S
⚡ AC Voltage Generated
🔄 Rotating Armature
N
S
↔ Drag left/right to rotate • Use Zoom buttons
Rotor Speed
1500 RPM
Magnetic Field
1.0 T
Frequency
50 Hz
AC Output
1.0 pu
📚 AC Generator / Alternator Working
1. Magnetic Field / चुंबकीय क्षेत्र
जब conductor या armature magnetic field में move/rotate करता है, तो magnetic flux linkage continuously change होता है।
जब conductor या armature magnetic field में move/rotate करता है, तो magnetic flux linkage continuously change होता है।
When the armature rotates inside a magnetic field,
the magnetic flux linkage continuously changes.
2. Electromagnetic Induction / विद्युतचुंबकीय प्रेरण
Changing magnetic flux की वजह से conductor में EMF induce होता है।
Changing magnetic flux की वजह से conductor में EMF induce होता है।
According to Faraday's law, a changing magnetic flux
induces an EMF in the conductor.
3. AC Voltage Generation / AC वोल्टेज
Coil के rotation के दौरान induced EMF की direction periodically reverse होती रहती है, इसलिए AC voltage generate होता है।
Coil के rotation के दौरान induced EMF की direction periodically reverse होती रहती है, इसलिए AC voltage generate होता है।
As the coil rotates, the direction of the induced EMF
periodically reverses, producing alternating voltage.
4. Frequency / आवृत्ति
Generator की frequency rotor speed और number of poles पर depend करती है।
Generator की frequency rotor speed और number of poles पर depend करती है।
The generated frequency depends on rotor speed and
the number of magnetic poles.
f = PN / 120
P = Number of poles
N = Speed in RPM
f = PN / 120
P = Number of poles
N = Speed in RPM
5. Speed Increase / गति बढ़ाने पर
Rotor speed बढ़ाने पर generated AC frequency बढ़ती है।
Rotor speed बढ़ाने पर generated AC frequency बढ़ती है।
Increasing rotor speed increases the generated AC frequency.
6. Magnetic Field Increase / चुंबकीय क्षेत्र बढ़ाने पर
Magnetic field strength बढ़ाने पर induced EMF की magnitude बढ़ती है।
Magnetic field strength बढ़ाने पर induced EMF की magnitude बढ़ती है।
Increasing magnetic field strength increases the magnitude
of the induced EMF.
7. Alternator / अल्टरनेटर
Practical power stations में alternators mechanical energy को electrical energy में convert करते हैं।
Practical power stations में alternators mechanical energy को electrical energy में convert करते हैं।
In practical power stations, alternators convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy and generate AC power.
8. Applications / उपयोग
Power plants, diesel generators, hydroelectric stations, wind turbines और automobile charging systems में generators और alternators का उपयोग होता है।
Power plants, diesel generators, hydroelectric stations, wind turbines और automobile charging systems में generators और alternators का उपयोग होता है।
Generators and alternators are used in power plants,
diesel generator sets, hydroelectric stations, wind turbines
and automobile charging systems.
⚡ 3-Phase AC Waveform
R, Y & B Phase — 120° Phase Difference
● R Phase — 0°
● Y Phase — 120°
● B Phase — 240°
+V
0
−V
Frequency
50 Hz
Voltage
230 V
Phase Difference
120°
System
3-Phase AC
🇮🇳 हिंदी:
3-Phase AC system में तीन अलग-अलग sinusoidal voltages होते हैं — R, Y और B phases.
3-Phase AC system में तीन अलग-अलग sinusoidal voltages होते हैं — R, Y और B phases.
R Phase:
R phase को reference माना जाता है और इसकी phase angle 0° होती है।
R phase को reference माना जाता है और इसकी phase angle 0° होती है।
Y Phase:
Y phase, R phase से 120° पीछे होता है।
Y phase, R phase से 120° पीछे होता है।
B Phase:
B phase, R phase से 240° पीछे होता है।
B phase, R phase से 240° पीछे होता है।
Waveform:
Graph में जब wave ऊपर जाती है तो voltage positive होता है। जब नीचे जाती है तो voltage negative होता है। बीच की horizontal line zero voltage है।
Graph में जब wave ऊपर जाती है तो voltage positive होता है। जब नीचे जाती है तो voltage negative होता है। बीच की horizontal line zero voltage है।
Formula:
R Phase = sin(ωt)
Y Phase = sin(ωt − 120°)
B Phase = sin(ωt − 240°)
R Phase = sin(ωt)
Y Phase = sin(ωt − 120°)
B Phase = sin(ωt − 240°)
🇬🇧 English:
A three-phase AC system contains three sinusoidal voltages: R, Y and B phases.
A three-phase AC system contains three sinusoidal voltages: R, Y and B phases.
Phase Difference:
The three waveforms are electrically separated by 120°.
The three waveforms are electrically separated by 120°.
Positive and Negative Voltage:
When the waveform moves above the zero line, voltage is positive. When it moves below the zero line, voltage is negative.
When the waveform moves above the zero line, voltage is positive. When it moves below the zero line, voltage is negative.
Wave Equations:
R = sin(ωt)
Y = sin(ωt − 120°)
B = sin(ωt − 240°)
R = sin(ωt)
Y = sin(ωt − 120°)
B = sin(ωt − 240°)
⚡ RLC Series Circuit
AC Voltage & Current Waveform
AC
R
L
C
AC Source → R → L → C
━ Voltage
━ Current
XL
31.42 Ω
XC
31.83 Ω
Impedance Z
50.00 Ω
Current I
4.60 A
Resonant Frequency:
50.33 Hz
Current Frequency: 50 Hz
Current Frequency: 50 Hz
🇮🇳 हिंदी
RLC Series Circuit में तीन मुख्य components होते हैं:
R — Resistor
Current को oppose करता है और electrical energy को heat में dissipate करता है.
L — Inductor
Current में होने वाले बदलाव का विरोध करता है.
C — Capacitor
Voltage में होने वाले बदलाव का विरोध करता है.
RLC Series Circuit में तीन मुख्य components होते हैं:
R — Resistor
Current को oppose करता है और electrical energy को heat में dissipate करता है.
L — Inductor
Current में होने वाले बदलाव का विरोध करता है.
C — Capacitor
Voltage में होने वाले बदलाव का विरोध करता है.
Inductive Reactance
XL = 2πfL
Frequency बढ़ने पर XL बढ़ता है.
XL = 2πfL
Frequency बढ़ने पर XL बढ़ता है.
Capacitive Reactance
XC = 1 / (2πfC)
Frequency बढ़ने पर XC कम होता है.
XC = 1 / (2πfC)
Frequency बढ़ने पर XC कम होता है.
Total Impedance
Z = √[R² + (XL − XC)²]
Z = √[R² + (XL − XC)²]
Current
I = V / Z
I = V / Z
Resonance
जब XL = XC होता है तब circuit resonance पर होता है.
f₀ = 1 / (2π√LC)
जब XL = XC होता है तब circuit resonance पर होता है.
f₀ = 1 / (2π√LC)
Graph
Yellow smooth wave = Voltage
Blue smooth wave = Current
XL > XC → Current voltage से lag करता है.
XC > XL → Current voltage से lead करता है.
XL = XC → दोनों same phase में होते हैं.
Yellow smooth wave = Voltage
Blue smooth wave = Current
XL > XC → Current voltage से lag करता है.
XC > XL → Current voltage से lead करता है.
XL = XC → दोनों same phase में होते हैं.
🇬🇧 English
An RLC series circuit contains a resistor, inductor and capacitor connected in series with an AC source.
Resistor: Opposes current and dissipates electrical energy as heat.
Inductor: Opposes changes in current.
Capacitor: Opposes changes in voltage.
At resonance: XL = XC and the impedance becomes minimum for an ideal series RLC circuit.
An RLC series circuit contains a resistor, inductor and capacitor connected in series with an AC source.
Resistor: Opposes current and dissipates electrical energy as heat.
Inductor: Opposes changes in current.
Capacitor: Opposes changes in voltage.
At resonance: XL = XC and the impedance becomes minimum for an ideal series RLC circuit.
⚡ Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
AC Input → Four Diodes → Pulsating DC Output
AC
+
−
D1
D2
D3
D4
LOAD
Positive half-cycle: D1 + D4 conducting
━ AC Input
━ Rectified Output
Input Peak
325.27 V
Output Peak
323.87 V
Average DC
206.19 V
Ripple Frequency
100 Hz
🇮🇳 हिंदी — Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Bridge rectifier में चार diodes होते हैं: D1, D2, D3 और D4। इनका उद्देश्य AC के दोनों half-cycles को ऐसे rectify करना है कि load में current की direction दोनों half-cycles में समान रहे।
Bridge rectifier में चार diodes होते हैं: D1, D2, D3 और D4। इनका उद्देश्य AC के दोनों half-cycles को ऐसे rectify करना है कि load में current की direction दोनों half-cycles में समान रहे।
Positive Half-Cycle
जब AC terminal A positive होता है और B negative:
D1 और D4 ON
Current path:
A → D1 → + → LOAD → − → D4 → B
D2 और D3 reverse biased रहते हैं।
जब AC terminal A positive होता है और B negative:
D1 और D4 ON
Current path:
A → D1 → + → LOAD → − → D4 → B
D2 और D3 reverse biased रहते हैं।
Negative Half-Cycle
जब AC terminal B positive होता है और A negative:
D2 और D3 ON
Current path:
B → D2 → + → LOAD → − → D3 → A
ध्यान दें: source की polarity बदल गई, लेकिन LOAD में current की direction वही रहती है।
जब AC terminal B positive होता है और A negative:
D2 और D3 ON
Current path:
B → D2 → + → LOAD → − → D3 → A
ध्यान दें: source की polarity बदल गई, लेकिन LOAD में current की direction वही रहती है।
इसलिए Output क्या मिलता है?
AC input:
Positive → Negative → Positive → Negative
Bridge output:
Positive → Positive → Positive → Positive
इसलिए output को pulsating DC कहा जाता है।
AC input:
Positive → Negative → Positive → Negative
Bridge output:
Positive → Positive → Positive → Positive
इसलिए output को pulsating DC कहा जाता है।
Voltage Calculation
Input peak:
Vpeak = Vrms × √2
Bridge में एक समय पर दो diodes conduct करते हैं। इसलिए practical peak:
Vout(peak) ≈ Vpeak − 2Vd
Input peak:
Vpeak = Vrms × √2
Bridge में एक समय पर दो diodes conduct करते हैं। इसलिए practical peak:
Vout(peak) ≈ Vpeak − 2Vd
Average DC Voltage
Ideal full-wave bridge rectifier:
VDC = 2Vpeak / π
या लगभग:
VDC ≈ 0.9 × Vrms
यह ideal approximation है; practical diode drops के कारण actual value कम होगी।
Ideal full-wave bridge rectifier:
VDC = 2Vpeak / π
या लगभग:
VDC ≈ 0.9 × Vrms
यह ideal approximation है; practical diode drops के कारण actual value कम होगी।
Ripple Frequency
Full-wave rectifier में:
fr = 2f
इसलिए 50 Hz AC supply से:
100 Hz pulsating DC मिलता है।
Full-wave rectifier में:
fr = 2f
इसलिए 50 Hz AC supply से:
100 Hz pulsating DC मिलता है।
🇬🇧 English
A bridge rectifier uses four diodes.
During the positive half-cycle, D1 and D4 conduct.
During the negative half-cycle, D2 and D3 conduct.
Although the AC source polarity reverses, the current through the load remains in the same direction.
Therefore, both half-cycles are converted into positive output pulses.
For an ideal full-wave rectifier:
VDC = 2Vpeak / π ≈ 0.9Vrms
The ripple frequency is twice the input frequency.
A bridge rectifier uses four diodes.
During the positive half-cycle, D1 and D4 conduct.
During the negative half-cycle, D2 and D3 conduct.
Although the AC source polarity reverses, the current through the load remains in the same direction.
Therefore, both half-cycles are converted into positive output pulses.
For an ideal full-wave rectifier:
VDC = 2Vpeak / π ≈ 0.9Vrms
The ripple frequency is twice the input frequency.
⚡ TechBranchHub Electrical Engineering Simulator
Animated Electrical Machines & Power Systems
1️⃣ Transformer — Electromagnetic Induction
AC Input → Magnetic Flux → Induced Voltage
AC INPUT
230 V
230 V
→
PRIMARY
COIL
COIL
→
MAGNETIC
FLUX
FLUX
→
SECONDARY
COIL
COIL
→
OUTPUT
115 V
115 V
Animation: Purple rotating dashed ring magnetic flux ko represent karta hai.
⚙️ Parameters
1️⃣ AC primary winding mein current flow karta hai.
2️⃣ Current changing magnetic flux produce karta hai.
3️⃣ Magnetic flux core se secondary tak link hota hai.
4️⃣ Secondary winding mein EMF induce hota hai.
5️⃣ Turns ratio output voltage decide karta hai.
2️⃣ Three Phase Induction Motor
Electrical Energy → Magnetic Field → Torque → Mechanical Rotation3-PHASE
SUPPLY
SUPPLY
→
ROTATING
MAGNETIC FIELD
MAGNETIC FIELD
→
ROTOR
CURRENT
CURRENT
→
TORQUE
⚙️
⚙️
Rotor synchronous speed se thoda slow hota hai. Isi difference ko Slip kehte hain.
⚙️ Motor Input
1️⃣ Three-phase supply stator winding ko energize karti hai.
2️⃣ Stator rotating magnetic field create karta hai.
3️⃣ Magnetic field rotor conductors ko cut karta hai.
4️⃣ Rotor mein induced current develop hota hai.
5️⃣ Rotor current + magnetic field = electromagnetic torque.
6️⃣ Torque ki wajah se rotor aur shaft rotate karte hain.
3️⃣ AC Generator / Alternator
Mechanical Energy → Magnetic Flux → Electrical EnergyTURBINE
MECHANICAL INPUT
MECHANICAL INPUT
→
ROTATING
ROTOR
ROTOR
→
EMF
INDUCTION
INDUCTION
→
AC
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
Waveform ka animation generated AC voltage ko represent karta hai.
⚙️ Generator
1️⃣ Prime mover turbine generator shaft ko rotate karta hai.
2️⃣ Rotor magnetic field rotate karta hai.
3️⃣ Changing flux stator conductors ko link karta hai.
4️⃣ Stator winding mein EMF induce hota hai.
5️⃣ Electrical output terminals par milta hai.
4️⃣ Three Phase AC
R, Y, B phases — 120° phase differenceR PHASE
Y PHASE
B PHASE
Teen phases same frequency par operate karti hain aur ideal balanced system mein 120° apart hoti hain.
1️⃣ Generator three phase voltages produce karta hai.
2️⃣ Phases ke beech 120° electrical displacement hota hai.
3️⃣ Three phase load ko energy transfer hoti hai.
4️⃣ Active power = √3 × VL × IL × cosφ.
5️⃣ RLC Series Circuit
AC source → Resistance → Inductance → CapacitanceAC
→
R
→
L
→
C
→
I
Frequency change karne par XL aur XC change hote hain, isliye current bhi change hota hai.
1️⃣ AC source circuit ko voltage provide karta hai.
2️⃣ Resistor current ko resist karta hai.
3️⃣ Inductor XL = 2πfL provide karta hai.
4️⃣ Capacitor XC = 1/(2πfC) provide karta hai.
5️⃣ XL aur XC ke difference se impedance change hoti hai.
6️⃣ Current I = V/Z se milta hai.
6️⃣ Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
AC → Diodes → Pulsating DCAC
INPUT
INPUT
→
4
DIODES
DIODES
→
DC
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
D1
D2
D3
D4
Animation mein diode pair alternate conduct karta hai.
1️⃣ AC input bridge mein enter hota hai.
2️⃣ Positive half cycle mein ek diode pair conduct karta hai.
3️⃣ Negative half cycle mein doosra pair conduct karta hai.
4️⃣ Load current ki direction same rehti hai.
5️⃣ Output pulsating DC hota hai.
7️⃣ Coal Based Thermal Power Plant 🔥⚡
Complete animated power generation process
🪨 COAL
Coal Handling + Pulverizer
Coal Handling + Pulverizer
↓
🔥 BOILER / FURNACE
🔥
🔥
🔥
Coal burns → Heat Energy
↓
💨 SUPERHEATED STEAM
💨
💨
💨
High Temperature + High Pressure
↓
⚙️ STEAM TURBINE
Steam Energy → Mechanical Rotation
RPM: 3000
RPM: 3000
↓
⚡ GENERATOR
Mechanical Energy → Electrical Energy
Mechanical Energy → Electrical Energy
⚡
⚡
⚡
Voltage:
11000 V
↓
🔌 STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
Voltage increased for transmission
Voltage increased for transmission
↓
🏙️ TRANSMISSION GRID
⚡
⚡
⚡
Power → Substation → Consumers
🔥 Energy Conversion:
🪨 Chemical Energy
↓
🔥 Heat Energy
↓
💨 Steam Energy
↓
⚙️ Mechanical Energy
↓
⚡ Electrical Energy
↓
🔌 Transmission
🪨 Chemical Energy
↓
🔥 Heat Energy
↓
💨 Steam Energy
↓
⚙️ Mechanical Energy
↓
⚡ Electrical Energy
↓
🔌 Transmission
⚙️ Plant Parameters
1️⃣ 🪨 Coal Handling: Coal plant mein aata hai aur pulverizer usse fine powder banata hai.
2️⃣ 🔥 Boiler: Pulverized coal burn hone se heat energy produce hoti hai.
3️⃣ 💨 Steam: Boiler water ko high-pressure steam mein convert karta hai.
4️⃣ ⚙️ Turbine: High-pressure steam turbine blades ko push karti hai aur shaft rotate hota hai.
5️⃣ ⚡ Generator: Turbine generator rotor ko rotate karta hai aur electromagnetic induction se electricity generate hoti hai.
6️⃣ 🔌 Transformer: Generator voltage ko transmission ke liye high voltage par step-up kiya jata hai.
7️⃣ 🏙️ Grid: High-voltage electrical power transmission system ke through consumers tak jaati hai.
8️⃣ 💧 Condenser: Turbine exhaust steam ko water mein convert karta hai.
9️⃣ 💧 Feed Pump: Water ko dobara boiler ki taraf bhejta hai.
⚡ 3D AC Generator Simulator
See how mechanical rotation is converted into electrical energy
N
S
RPM: 600
Output
ROTATION
600 RPM
FREQUENCY
10 Hz
RELATIVE EMF
50%
📖 How Does an AC Generator Work?
1
Mechanical input
A prime mover rotates the generator rotor.
A prime mover rotates the generator rotor.
2
Magnetic field
The rotor/field system produces magnetic flux through the stator winding.
The rotor/field system produces magnetic flux through the stator winding.
3
Electromagnetic induction
As the magnetic flux linking the coil changes, an EMF is induced in the winding.
As the magnetic flux linking the coil changes, an EMF is induced in the winding.
4
Electrical output
The induced EMF produces an alternating electrical output when the circuit is connected.
The induced EMF produces an alternating electrical output when the circuit is connected.
Faraday's Law:
EMF ∝ rate of change of magnetic flux.
Student Experiment:
Move the RPM slider from 300 → 1800 RPM. Observe how the rotation, frequency and generated-voltage indicator change.
⚡ 3D Electromagnetic Field Simulation
Current-Carrying Conductor • Magnetic Field • 360° Interactive View
🔴 Current Carrying Conductor
🔵 Magnetic Field B
↔ Drag = 360° View • Pinch/Scroll = Zoom
↑
↑
↑
↑
Current
10 A
Distance
0.10 m
Magnetic Field B
20 µT
Voltage
230 V
📚 Electromagnetic Field — Step by Step
1. Current flows through conductor
Jab conductor mein electric current flow karta hai, conductor ke around magnetic field produce hota hai.
Jab conductor mein electric current flow karta hai, conductor ke around magnetic field produce hota hai.
2. Magnetic field forms circular lines
Straight current-carrying conductor ke around magnetic field lines circular hoti hain.
Straight current-carrying conductor ke around magnetic field lines circular hoti hain.
3. Right-Hand Thumb Rule ✋
Right hand ka thumb current ki direction mein rakho. Folded fingers magnetic field ki direction batati hain.
Right hand ka thumb current ki direction mein rakho. Folded fingers magnetic field ki direction batati hain.
4. Magnetic field calculation
Long straight conductor ke liye:
B = μ₀I / 2πr
Jahan μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m, I = current aur r = conductor se distance.
Long straight conductor ke liye:
B = μ₀I / 2πr
Jahan μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m, I = current aur r = conductor se distance.
5. Current badhao → Field badhega
Current increase karne par magnetic field bhi increase hota hai.
Current increase karne par magnetic field bhi increase hota hai.
6. Distance badhao → Field kam hoga
Conductor se door jaane par magnetic field ki strength decrease hoti hai.
Conductor se door jaane par magnetic field ki strength decrease hoti hai.
7. Practical applications
Electromagnetic field ka concept motors, generators, transformers, relays, inductors aur wireless systems mein important hai.
Electromagnetic field ka concept motors, generators, transformers, relays, inductors aur wireless systems mein important hai.
Note: Electric-field visualization is conceptual. Magnetic-field
calculation shown here uses the ideal long straight conductor model.
⚡ Coal-Based Thermal Power Plant — 3D Educational Simulation
Coal Handling
Pulverizer
Boiler / Furnace
Superheater
Steam Turbine
Generator
Transformer
Condenser
Feed Pump
Cooling Tower
🟢 Plant Running — Coal → Steam → Turbine → Generator → Grid
540
Steam °C
3000
Turbine RPM
22.0
Generator kV
0
Approx MW
📖 Thermal Power Plant — How It Works
1. Coal Handling
Hindi: Coal plant mein fuel ke रूप में आता है और conveyor system के द्वारा pulverizer तक जाता है।
English: Coal is supplied to the plant and transported towards the pulverizer.
Hindi: Coal plant mein fuel ke रूप में आता है और conveyor system के द्वारा pulverizer तक जाता है।
English: Coal is supplied to the plant and transported towards the pulverizer.
2. Pulverizer
Hindi: Pulverizer coal को बहुत fine powder में बदलता है। इससे furnace में combustion बेहतर होता है।
English: The pulverizer converts coal into fine powder so that combustion becomes faster and more efficient.
Hindi: Pulverizer coal को बहुत fine powder में बदलता है। इससे furnace में combustion बेहतर होता है।
English: The pulverizer converts coal into fine powder so that combustion becomes faster and more efficient.
3. Boiler / Furnace
Hindi: Pulverized coal furnace में burn होता है। इसकी heat feed water को high-pressure steam में बदलती है।
English: Coal burns in the furnace and its heat converts feed water into high-pressure steam.
Hindi: Pulverized coal furnace में burn होता है। इसकी heat feed water को high-pressure steam में बदलती है।
English: Coal burns in the furnace and its heat converts feed water into high-pressure steam.
4. Superheater
Hindi: Steam को turbine में भेजने से पहले और heat किया जाता है ताकि उसका temperature बढ़े और turbine में useful expansion हो।
English: Steam is heated further in the superheater before entering the turbine.
Hindi: Steam को turbine में भेजने से पहले और heat किया जाता है ताकि उसका temperature बढ़े और turbine में useful expansion हो।
English: Steam is heated further in the superheater before entering the turbine.
5. HP / IP / LP Turbine
Hindi: High-pressure steam turbine blades पर force लगाती है। Steam की thermal energy mechanical rotational energy में बदलती है।
English: Steam expands through turbine stages and converts thermal energy into mechanical rotational energy.
HP = High Pressure
IP = Intermediate Pressure
LP = Low Pressure
Hindi: High-pressure steam turbine blades पर force लगाती है। Steam की thermal energy mechanical rotational energy में बदलती है।
English: Steam expands through turbine stages and converts thermal energy into mechanical rotational energy.
HP = High Pressure
IP = Intermediate Pressure
LP = Low Pressure
6. Generator
Hindi: Turbine shaft generator के rotor को घुमाता है। Magnetic field और stator winding के interaction से electromagnetic induction द्वारा electricity generate होती है।
English: The turbine rotates the generator rotor. Electromagnetic induction produces electrical energy in the stator windings.
Hindi: Turbine shaft generator के rotor को घुमाता है। Magnetic field और stator winding के interaction से electromagnetic induction द्वारा electricity generate होती है।
English: The turbine rotates the generator rotor. Electromagnetic induction produces electrical energy in the stator windings.
7. Transformer
Hindi: Generator की electrical voltage को transformer के द्वारा high transmission voltage में step-up किया जाता है।
English: The transformer steps up the generator voltage for electrical power transmission.
Reason: Higher voltage → lower current for the same power → lower transmission losses.
Hindi: Generator की electrical voltage को transformer के द्वारा high transmission voltage में step-up किया जाता है।
English: The transformer steps up the generator voltage for electrical power transmission.
Reason: Higher voltage → lower current for the same power → lower transmission losses.
8. Transmission Grid
Hindi: High-voltage electrical power transmission grid में भेजी जाती है।
English: The stepped-up electrical power is supplied to the transmission grid.
Hindi: High-voltage electrical power transmission grid में भेजी जाती है।
English: The stepped-up electrical power is supplied to the transmission grid.
9. Condenser
Hindi: Turbine से निकलने वाली exhaust steam को condenser में cool करके water में convert किया जाता है।
English: Exhaust steam is condensed back into water in the condenser.
Hindi: Turbine से निकलने वाली exhaust steam को condenser में cool करके water में convert किया जाता है।
English: Exhaust steam is condensed back into water in the condenser.
10. Cooling Tower
Hindi: Cooling system condenser की heat को remove करने में मदद करता है।
English: The cooling system removes heat from the condenser system.
Hindi: Cooling system condenser की heat को remove करने में मदद करता है।
English: The cooling system removes heat from the condenser system.
11. Feed Pump
Hindi: Condensed water को pump करके वापस boiler की तरफ भेजा जाता है।
English: The feed pump sends the condensed water back towards the boiler.
Hindi: Condensed water को pump करके वापस boiler की तरफ भेजा जाता है।
English: The feed pump sends the condensed water back towards the boiler.
🔄 Complete Energy Conversion
Chemical Energy of Coal → Thermal Energy → Steam Energy → Mechanical Energy → Electrical Energy → High Voltage Transmission
Chemical Energy of Coal → Thermal Energy → Steam Energy → Mechanical Energy → Electrical Energy → High Voltage Transmission
⚠️ Educational Note
यह simulation learning purpose के लिए simplified model है। इसके MW, voltage और thermodynamic values industrial power-plant design calculations नहीं हैं।
यह simulation learning purpose के लिए simplified model है। इसके MW, voltage और thermodynamic values industrial power-plant design calculations नहीं हैं।
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